The Life of Ludwig Van Beethoven :: Biographies

Internal Conflict in Barn Burning by William Faulkner Essay Essay Example

Inside Conflict in Barn Burning by William Faulkner Essay Paper The plants â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner and â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck from the start impression may hope to hold no association. in any case, in noxiousness of various mystery plan they center around comparable considerations. The account â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner talks about the inside battle inside Sartoris Snopes. a youthful male kid who confronted a bind. He attempts to do an assurance of taking between to lieing in the court under his father’s pressiure who does non want to procure into the gaol and moving against his male parent by expressing reality. The central character is affected by Abner. his male parent. who lets him know. â€Å"You got the chance to larn to hotel to your ain blood or you ain’t venturing out to hold any blood to cabin to you. † ( P 496 ) . I think this quote mirrors the main issue of the story. which is about blood ties. What's more, we obviously perceive how Sarty is influenced by these blood ties. Faulkner portrays the inside battle and scrape that the central character faces. We will compose a custom exposition test on Internal Conflict in Barn Burning by William Faulkner Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Internal Conflict in Barn Burning by William Faulkner Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Internal Conflict in Barn Burning by William Faulkner Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We begin to comprehend the ethical problem of the central character from the earliest starting point of the account. I think Faulkner cause us to accept about the request: when should an individual make a pick between what his folks as well as family accepts and his ain qualities? The situation wherein Sarty’s battle is developeded is a test. In this test Sarty is inquired. † I figure any male youngster named for Colonel Sartoris in this state can’t help yet express reality. will they? † ( P 154 ) . The juvenile male youngster. Sarty. somewhere down in his chest has an inclination that he needs to move in a correct way. be that as it may, as he is oly 10 mature ages old. I think it is hard for him to do ardent conclusions. His emotions and thoughts are influnced by his male parent. who pressures him. looking to thwart himself from punishment in the council. We other than comprehend that Abner makes his child fight with himself by the way Sarty portrays him. Abner does non talk a lot. We see this in the way he speaks with his family unit and different characters. He is a person with so much pride that he is prepared to cause anything to retaliate for the individuals who to plan something erroneous for him or try to have him. regardless of whether he needs to interfere with the law. The pick that a juvenile male youngster needs to do bases between his family and second thoughts. When Sarty Snopes thinks about that he needs to do an assurance of taking between blood. which is his obligation to his family unit. also, his ain ethical quality. Sarty’s male parent stesses the estimation of certainty to the family. He states. thatif he does non cabin to hey blood. he will non hold any blood to hotel to. Sarty attempts to do himself accept this and even beginnings a fight with a male youngster for dissing his male parent. From the start Sarty needs to be an ethical person. He is ridiculously troubled that he needs to lie conversing with the equity. in any case, he is as yet making a trip to make that. cognizing his male parent needs him to make so. As Sarty regarded Abner for his qualities. he figured he could underwrite up him. The male kid accepted his male parent was a gallant grown-up male in the war. furthermore, that he needed to coordinate a notice already with a slave so no 1 was harmed. The contention between tuning in to his ain chest and make up ones disapproving to follow his family unit is the hardest skirmish of Sarty’s life. He comprehends that it is non option to hold with his father’s proposals. in any case, he is non keen on disreputing his male parent by varying with him. The essayist clarifies that in the event that he was more seasoned he would â€Å"resist the universe and try to adjust the class of its events† ( P 379 ) . Sarty discovers that he does non necessaruly need lion's share in irder to decay Abner ; at principal he guards his male parent. in any case, in the long run his chose to tune in to his chest. which needs to help the individuals who were hurt by tenacious and opinionated Abner. Sarty cautions the individuals in the enormous white house and goes down the course. Before long Sarty hears an a couple of shootings. also, he imagines that his male parent and sibling are gotten by the landowner and are shot by him. Despite what indeeed occurred. he comprehends he can neer return. The male youngster only keeps on strolling. what's more, he does non think back. As of now Sarty’s blood ties are broken. furthermore, he disposes of the trepidation of his father’s fury. The central character is free at this point. However, his opportunity requires paying some money related worth. I imagine that the male kid despite everything feels a type of blood tie. portrayed by the author. also, he made this pick with a bunch of sentiments on the two sides of the issue. Sarty still thinks about his family unit in some sense. he despite everything feels love towards his male parent. despite the fact that he comprehends that what his father’s workss are off base and he really needed to end them and cease to be a segment of them. The way that the male youngster is non ready to return place is non a request of his pick. I think he only canont travel back. So. Sarty’s chest despite everything experiences some battle that is non really settled. despite the fact that the situation has really changed. As I have just talked about. toward the start of the account Sarty feels a solid responsibility to his male parent. by the by. in the end we discover that his positions change profoundly. The purpose of apogee is at the terminal of the story when Sarty has cautioned Major de Spain of Abner’s purposes to fire the animal dwellingplace. I imagine that the main character encounters the blast of feelings. running down de Spain’s push and hearing Major’s Equus caballus dashing behind him. The presentation to the battle comes when Abner and his senior kid are shot. Be that as it may, the existent arrangement occurs at dim after Abner’s expire. when Sarty is sitting upon the peak of a slope accepting about his activities and future life. Faulkner demonstrates us that it is difficult to sruggle with one’s ain chest. The moment when Sarty chose to take ethical quality over the blood pool and cautioned the de Spain’s uncovered his actual character. In spite of the fact that this implied the expire of his male parent. Sarty didn’t distress of caution de Spain. On the other hand. it appeared as though the male kid was trying to subsitute his recollections of his male parent by some fair. great person. who had solid convictions. In his account â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† John Steinbeck other than reveales the battle of a human chest. which is associated with women’s undiscovered requests and wants. The author focuses on that as people we need to value one another. in any case at last we will do our lives dull and unfortunate. The central character. Elisa Allen. is crushed with her current life. She is tormented without any children and her hubby is non capable appreciate her impractically as a grown-up female. The solitary thing that encourages her to calm down is her blossom garden where wonderful chrysanthemums develop. Steinbeck shows Elisa’s thoughts nad emotions about her inward self image by envisioning those chrysanthemums. The story presents the idea that grip by the individuals who we love is a part of person. At the point when Elisa was recognized by her hubby. said. â€Å"maybe I could make it. unnecessarily. I’ve a blessing with things. okay. My female parent had it. She could stop anything in the land and do it grow† ( P 1261 ) . As of now the grown-up female feels her husband’s handle for seeing on her phenomenal blossoms. This idea of affirmation is appeared by John Steinbeck to show the interest for a felling of confidence. Feeling a solid interest for trustworthiness. Elisa goes to an outsider and puts forth attempts to be valued. While Elisa arrangements to this outsider. their discussion interfaces with the realm of Elisa’s blossoms. â€Å"Elisa’s eyes became attentive and excited. ‘She couldn’t have thought a lot about chrysanthemums. You can raise them from a seed† ( P 1264 ) . This delineates Elisa’s felicity and enthusiasm. as she gets an opportunity to be acknowledged through her blossoms again. By undestanding the estimation of Elisa’s blossoms. the outsider genuinely acknowledges the grown-up female. as her blossoms are in some sense the vibe of herself. They are everything Elisa has. being now and again esteemed by her hubby furthermore being esteemed by the outsider. â€Å"†¦ her eyes shone. She detached the battered chapeau and shook out her dim lovely hair† ( P 1264 ) . In this quote we see that Elisa frees her chest up to the outsider. She â€Å"tore off† the chapeau to free herself from the work which was non acknowledged. what's more, uncovered her existent excellence to the outsider. By moving so. Elisa is readied herself to secure the appreciation from the outsider. the appreciation that she did non have as often as possible from her hubby. . After the tinker leaves. Elisa is looking frontward to her eventide with her hubby. She trusts Henry will recognize her requests as a grown-up female and gracefully her with the relationship and energy which she wants. Be that as it may, this expectation is quickly broken. The best commendation on her visual angle that Henry makes after she has changed is. â€Å"You look solid bounty to intrude on a calf over your articulatio variety. cheerful bounty to eat it like a watermelon† ( P 393 ) . This uncomplimentary comment on her visual

Bad Credit Helper How To Shop For a Credit Counselor

Bad Credit Helper How To Shop For a Credit Counselor Bad Credit Helper: How To Shop for a Credit Counselor Bad Credit Helper: How To Shop for a Credit CounselorIt can be a vicious cycle. A financial hardship hurts your credit, your bad credit creates financial hardship, and on and on it goes. So whats the solution?A professional credit counselor could you help you find your way out of this nightmare. But, as with any major financial decision, choosing the right credit counselor should be done carefully.In many ways, shopping for a credit counselor is a lot like shopping for a bad credit lender. While there are many respectable credit counselors out there who will keep your best interest in mind, there are still a number of not-so-respectable organizations that are just trying to make a quick buck (off of you!).Think of those organizations as the payday lenders of credit counseling. And just like payday lenders, they should be avoided at all costs!That’s why we asked three credit counseling experts for advice on how best to shop around for a credit counselor.(If you want to know more abo ut the basics of credit counseling, then check out our post: Do You Need Credit Counseling?)Look for the warnings signs.Its unfortunate but true: If you have bad credit, low income, or are otherwise in a financially dangerous situation, there are predatory organizations out there looking to take advantage of you. You can learn more about predatory lenders in our ebook How to Protect Yourself from Payday Loans and Predatory Lenders.So how can you tell the difference between the legitimate credit counselors and the scammers?Gary Herman, President of Consolidated Credit Counseling Services  warns that customers should, “Be cautious of any agency that charges an upfront fee for the initial debt evaluation.”“You should also proceed with caution if the credit counselor attempts to push you into a debt management program without fully informing you of the other debt relief options available,” says Herman.“If the fees exceed $79 per month, it’s definitely not legit because that exceeds all state regulations.”According to Mike Sullivan, a personal finance consultant with national nonprofit credit counseling and debt management agency Take Charge America, says upfront payments may be common with housing counseling, student loan counseling and even investment counseling, but that “it should be a warning sign with credit counseling.”“Another warning sign,” says Sullivan, “is an offer to put a consumer on a debt management plan (DMP) without at least a 20-minute discussion and analysis.”“It may well take an hour or more to determine if a DMP is the best solution, but a counselor anxious to get to the business transaction is not putting the consumers concerns first.”Katie Ross, Education and Development Manager for American Consumer Credit Counseling, or ACCC, adds that “any agency that promises to repair your credit is a red flag that they are less than reputable.   No agency can promise this.”What kind of research should you do?Before you start your work with a credit counselor, you should definitely do your research. That way, the odds that you’ll end up working with a less-than-reputable organization are drastically lowered.According to Sullivan, “There are many factors to consider in selecting an agency, such as nonprofit status, counselor certification and state licensing.”He recommends that you “Choose an accredited agency, such as Take Charge America, to ensure the agency employs the best possible business practices (mission and purpose, quality assurance, governance and administration, service environment, financial management, ethics and confidentiality, service delivery).“Visit the National Foundation for Credit Counseling (NFCC) at NFCC.org to find a list of accredited agencies to ensure compliance with best-practice standards.“You can also start with the Better Business Bureau and find credit counseling agencies in your area that have A+ ratings and can ask if they are members of NFCC. Of cour se, not every good credit counseling agency is a member of NFCC and not every member agency can be the best, but it is a good place to start.”According to Ross, the kinds of research that one should conduct before working with a credit counselor include “understanding exactly what the agency is offering and make sure they can help you with your financial issues,” reading the fine print of the agreement, getting everything in writing, and “contacting your creditors and see if they are familiar   with a particular agency offering this type of service.”If your first contact with a credit counselor is over the phone, Herman recommends that you check and make sure that “the person you’re speaking with is a certified credit counselor and not a customer service representative.”When it comes to specific criteria you should be looking for, Ross has a very helpful list:Be sure the agency is charging you reasonable fees (not more than $50/month for a debt management plan), but this can vary by state.The credit counseling agency should be non-profit.The agency should have been in business for at least seven to ten years.The counselors at the credit counseling agency should be certified by an independent organization.The agency should be accredited by the International Standards Organization (ISO) or by the Council on Accreditation (COA).The agency should be a member of one of the trade associations: either Financial Counseling Association of America (FCAA) or the National Foundation for Credit Counseling (NFCC).Consumers should consider checking with the Better Business Bureau for any consumer complaints made against the agency.The agency you are considering should be licensed and bonded to do business in your state.The agencys willingness to waive the fees if you simply cant afford them.The agency should spend a reasonable amount of time for your consultation/budgeting session. At least an hour is needed.The agency should provide you with a written budget based on your personal financial situation.And lastly, the agency should be willing to offer free education to help you learn how to manage your finances. They should also provide ongoing education while in a debt management plan or even if you decided a DMP is not for you.Consider some DIY financial solutionsWhile credit counseling is a great financial solution for many people, it is by no means your only option. In fact, much of the work you do with a credit counselor is work that you can do yourself at home.Of course, it helps to have a professional working it through with you. But with a little determination and a whole lot of perseverance, you can tackle most financial problems yourself.There is very little a credit counseling agency does that a consumer could not do alone,” says Sullivan. “Every consumer could create a budget, analyze cash flow, prioritize payments, negotiate credit card terms and institute a plan for getting out of debt in five years or less.”Unfortuna tely, most consumers will not do all this by themselves, but just having a written budget and monitoring expenses for sixty days goes a long way toward taking control of your financial health.Herman agrees. “If a household has cash flow available in their budget, they can implement a debt reduction plan on their own,’ he says. “You use your extra cash to pay off one debt at a time as quickly as possible, typically starting with the debt that has the highest APR first.”“Consumers can also call their creditors individually to negotiate lower interest rates, which can make it easier to pay back a debt. In addition, there are several options for do-it-yourself debt consolidation, such as credit card balance transfers and personal debt consolidation loans.”Lastly, there’s one piece of advice that Herman says is most important of all: “Having ten percent of your take home pay deducted from your check and put into a separate savings account will eventually make you successf ul.”“The key to financial success is really saving; debt is just the way non-savers deal with expenses,” he says.Do you have experience with credit counseling? Did you find it helpful? We’d love to hear from you! You can get in touch with us on Twitter at @OppLoans.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINContributorsGary Herman, President of Consolidated Credit Counseling Services Inc. (@ConsolidatedUS), is a consumer credit specialist and an AFCPE Certified Credit Counselor. He has been a part of Consolidated Credit for over 20 years and his expertise in establishing operations and marketing policies, hiring, and training financial counselors, has been a crucial advantage in Consolidated Credit’s success. As an expert who examines consumer credit trends, causes and effects of financial over-extension, Mr. Herman has been able to predict the needs of financially burdened consumers and provide Consolidated Credit’s certified counselors with the tools and educational materials required to keep ahead of the public’s needs.Katie Ross joined the American Consumer Credit Counseling, or ACCC, management team in 2002 and is currently responsible for organizing and implementing high-performance development initiatives designed to increase consumer financial awareness. Ms. Ross’s main focus is to conceptualize the creative strategic programming for ACCC’s client base and national base to ensure a maximum level of educational programs that support and cultivate ACCC’s organization.Mike Sullivan is a personal finance consultant with Take Charge America (@TCAsolutions), a national nonprofit credit counseling and debt management agency. He has more than 25 years of experience educating consumers about a wide range of budgeting, credit, debt and saving issues, and was instrumental in building Take Charge America’s financial education department and community initiatives. More at takechargeamerica.org.

Pterosaurs

Essay about VARIOLA VIRUS - 1954 Words

VARIOLA VIRUS SMALLPOX INTRODUCTION The Variola virus, which is the most virulent member of Genus Orthopoxvirus, is the causative agent of smallpox. It specifically infects humans. The primary reason for infection in humans is due to its ability to evade the host immune responses, and avoid complement activation. Over the centuries, this naturally occurring virus has spread throughout the earth, through various environments, to cause severe outbreaks. The most devastation outbreak had a case-fatality rate of 40 percent in individuals who have not been vaccinated. The Variola virus is a double-stranded DNA virus. It has two envelopes: the outer envelope is present only in the extracellular state. The outer surface or the core†¦show more content†¦An infection of the variola virus starts out with flu-like symptoms, then rashes and scabs form throughout – similar to chickenpox, eventually in fatal cases, leading to malignant diseases such as intravascular coagulation, hypotention, cardiovascular collapse or bleeding of skin and intestinal tract (IOM, 1999). HISTORY The history of the smallpox is still a mystery. It is speculated to have appeared among human population during the first agricultural settlements in northeastern Africa, around 10,000 BC (Baraquet and Domingo, 1997). Perhaps the scars, which appear on Pharaoh Ramses V’s delicately preserved mummy dating back to 1157 BC, may be the earliest signs of smallpox exposure (Ellner, 1998). It is speculated that throughout history, exposures to smallpox have been known in all parts of the world, along with the observance of gaining immunity to smallpox upon surviving an exposure. The observance of such a phenomenon throughout history, has led to healthy individuals, to be exposed on purpose in attempts to gain immunity. Inoculation of healthy individuals by placing pus or powdered scab material from an infected individual, to the nose of the intended was recorded by the Chinese as early as tenth century (Ellner, 1998). The procedure of inoculation a healthy individual with smallpox was widely used in England by 1740. Around 1765, English physicians noticed that milkmaids were immune to smallpox, as a result of being exposed to the less severeShow MoreRelatedVaccinations And Immunization : Infection Of The Variola Virus1302 Words   |  6 Pagesby an infection of the Variola Virus. This virus has two strains, both, major and minor, with the major strain resulting in a 30% mortality rate of those infected. - The Variola virus can easily transmitted from one individual to another. Directly from one person to another, direct transmission, requires prolonged face-to-face contact, with an infected individual. The variola virus can be transmitted through the spread of bodily fluids from the infected individual. The virus can be spread throughRead MoreThe Dormant Threat of Smallpox1370 Words   |  6 Pagescauses a fever and rash. The term â€Å"pox† comes from the Latin word for spotted. It also refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person. Small Pox is cause by the Variola virus that appeared many years ago. There are two rudimentary patterns of small pox: Variola minor and Variola major, which is the worst and most common of the two. The earliest known death was Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses. Could it be a coincidence that the disease also originated from Eygpt? Edward JennerRead More Smallpox : Pathogenesis and Pathology Essay example1591 Words à ‚  |  7 Pageslabs in the world with smallpox. Smallpox is created from the virus Variola which inoculates itself through the skin and into the dermis or more commonly from prolonged, direct face to face contact. Smallpox incubates for as long as two weeks at which time it is multiplying in the lymph nodes and bone marrow. The virus is also able to enter the blood stream and travel through without being harmed by macrophages. The variola virus also causes monkeypox and cowpox however none of these are as badRead MoreHistory and Causes of Smallpox Essay850 Words   |  4 Pagesis caused by the Variola virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The members of this genus share similar genetic makeup and characteristics. Viruses belonging to this family are large and measure nearly 220-450 nm x 150-260 nm in size. DNA is the genetic material that encodes for 200 proteins, approximately, using its 200,000 base pairs. The DNA is encapsulated inside a capsid, which in turn is e nveloped by membrane proteins. Two forms of the virus cause smallpox. Variola major is the mostRead MoreThe Eradication of Smallpox Smallpox is a disease that has a very high infection rate within the1300 Words   |  6 Pagesvery high infection rate within the human population. It is a pathogen caused by the Variola virus, of which the symptoms of this are high fever, head and body aches, and sometimes vomiting. There are two forms of smallpox, Variola major and Variola minor. Variola major is the most common of the cases which involves a higher fever and more extensive rash. However there are actually four different types of the Variola major and they are: Ordinary which is 90% of the cases, Modified which is mild andRead MoreOverview of Smallpox Essay1045 Words   |  5 Pagessmallpox is considered the first germ warfare agent (Sherman, 2007). Smallpox comes from variola major virus. It is transmitted through inhalation by droplet infection (contact with contagious body fluids). Individuals can also become infected through direct contact with contaminated clothing or bedding. There are two types of smallpox. The Variola virus; major and minor. The more deadly form of the virus, Variola major, generally killed up to twenty five percent of the people infected and accountedRead MoreSmallpox, Etiology Of The Disease And Nursing Considerations970 Words   |  4 Pagescontrolled through the implementation of effective vaccination programs. Variola major or smallpox, is one of these diseases. Smallpox was once a major public health concern associated with a high mortality rate. Through a global vaccination effort, the disease is now considered irradiated. However, in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11th, there are new concerns about the possible use of the variola major virus as a weapon of biologica l warfare. This paper will review the historyRead MoreThe Impact of Bioligical Weapons on Human and their Environment695 Words   |  3 Pagesthis disease but the CDC does not recommend their routine use. Variola is the virus that cause the smallpox. Variola was an important cause of death and illness in the developing world until recent times. The last reported cases of Variola was in Somalia in 1997. Variola has a high death rate and a secondary spread. Variola can infect people for long periods of time it is very stable and once you get infected the virus multiplies in the persons respiratory tract. The blood then spreads throughRead MoreWhat is Smallpox?789 Words   |  3 Pagesand contagious until the last remaining scab separates from the body. Smallpox is a member of the orthopoxvirus family and is closely related to chickenpox, cowpox, and monkeypox virus. It has two clinical forms which is Variola major and Variola minor. Variola minor is a less common form of Variola major, and Variola major is separated into four types of small pox which are: Ordinary: The most frequent type being responsible for 90% and more cases. Modified: The mild type that occurred in previousRead MoreEssay on Cause and Effects of Smallpox1520 Words   |  7 PagesCause and Effects of Smallpox Smallpox is caused by the variola virus that emerged in human populations thousands of years ago. Smallpox is a specific, infectious, and highly contagious febrile disease known only to be transmitted by humans. It is caused by a virus from air currents which are eventually passed on from person to person. Smallpox varies from a mild form without skin manifestations to a highly fatal hemorrhagic form. Edward Jenner, an English physician, discovered a means of preventing

An Analysis Of In Arabian Nights English Literature Essay Free Essays

Traveling to new states gives life a fantastic experience and helps learn a individual about the civilizations and traditions of that state. Travelling is something that teaches a individual many things as one can hold many interactions with aliens and can assist one larn many new things approximately him every bit good. Traveling is something that everybody experiences in life. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis Of In Arabian Nights English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Travelling besides helps a individual addition more cognition about the other states civilization, tradition and linguistic communication. Traveling can assist a individual happen his or her finish in life. Traveling to new states gives life a fantastic experience and helps learn a individual about the civilizations and traditions of that state. Travelling is something that teaches a individual many things as one can hold many interactions with aliens and can assist one larn many new things approximately him every bit good. I had a charming experience during my journey to United States of America. My chief purpose or my mission for traveling to America was for an educational intent. I wanted to cognize more about the state and wanted to research it. I had visited America in the twelvemonth 2007. It was 10 yearss school trip. I truly enjoyed my trip with my friends and I besides got to larn many new things on my trip. We were besides accompanied by our professors. My trip was fundamentally based an educational based. They were really helpful and cheerful. We visited Washington DC, New York and Florida. The experience was great and thrilling. We visited many of import landmarks, museums a nd besides many commemorations. These topographic points would assist me cognize more about the history of America. Wherever we went we would ever seek to acquire more and more information about that peculiar country or topographic point as it would assist increase my cognition about that topographic point. Peoples were really friendly in America. I did non experience that I was off from my place state. The people were astonishing. They were really helpful and cheerful. My experience taught me many things. It helped me larn how to populate an independent life. I had to make all by myself. No 1 would pack my bags or press my apparels ; everything was to be done by me. I had seen a transmutation in myself. I was going independent. It was the best experience of my life. The trip besides helped me better my communicating accomplishment. By speaking and run intoing different people in the hotel every bit good around the metropolis, it felt like I belonged to that state. The trip was real ly enlightening. By going with friends it would assist better societal development and additions adulthood in a individual. My love for travel has increased after this experience. The manner I look at the outer universe has changed. This experience has given me many unforgettable memories and has besides helped me transform myself. The experience of Tahir Shah is in a manner related to my travel experience. He was in hunt for the narrative in his bosom, whereas I was in hunt for instruction as it was during my school yearss and I wanted to hold on every bit much cognition about the state. Tahir was ungratified to happen the narrative in his bosom. He met many people and had assorted interactions with them and at last found the narrative in his bosom. I was besides ungratified approximately deriving every bit much cognition as I can. I met many new people and my interaction with them helped me derive cognition about their civilization and traditions. I had a fantastic and joyful experience. It has transformed my full life. Before I used to fear from speaking to aliens, but now I am really confident as I had an experience which transformed me. Tahirs experience was really alone for him. He had found the narrative in his bosom. On my manner to America, I was Travel trips are something that each individual must travel for. Travelling makes people explore the universe every bit good as explore one A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s ain life. Traveling can be a fantastic experience. From the narrative written by Tahir Shah, we come to cognize how restless he was to happen the narrative in his bosom. He travelled all the manner to south of Casablanca and found the narrative in his bosom. When I went to America I excessively was ungratified like Tahir because I was in hunt for more and more instruction. Work Cited: Shah, Tahir. In Arabian Nights: a Caravan of Moroccan Dreams. New York: Bantam, 2008. Print. How to cite An Analysis Of In Arabian Nights English Literature Essay, Essay examples

What does Wilfred Owen reveal about the experience of war in his poem Disabled Essay Example For Students

What does Wilfred Owen reveal about the experience of war in his poem Disabled Essay Wilfred Owen’s poem ‘Disabled’ is about the experience of war on the common soldier. War leaves soldiers mentally and physically disabled. Men go to war feeling brave and nationalistic but come back mentally scarred due to the brutality of war. This is revealed by Owen’s use of repetition about blood-shed and the consequences of war on life. Owen also uses constant rhyme and rhythm to show the vicious cycle of life after war. Firstly, Owen presents the reader with the depressing image of a hopeless man. He can’t walk as he lost his legs due to war and is trapped with sadness in his disfigured body. This is shown by him â€Å"waiting for dark †¦ in his ghastly suit of grey†. Owen uses multiple adjectives and colour imagery to vividly describe this man’s sacrifices such as his manly youth and happiness. The simile ‘ the park of boys rang saddening like a hymn, of play and pleasure after day’ shows that the man did not enjoy the voices of the young boys as it reminded him of the good life he once had. We will write a custom essay on What does Wilfred Owen reveal about the experience of war in his poem Disabled specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The fact that it was a â€Å"saddening hymn† it gives us funeral imagery which reminds us of the lost young lives. The words, â€Å"dark†, â€Å"shivered†, â€Å"ghastly† and â€Å"grey†, as shown in the first stanza, reveal how isolated he is. This is a contrast with the second stanza, where â€Å"Town used to swing so gay† and â€Å"glow-lamps budded in the light blue trees†, this creates an atmosphere of romance and excitement. This suggests that this feeling of happiness will merely be a memory and something he will not feel again. This leaves the reader feeling sympathy for him as it makes him sound lonely and hopeless. â€Å" he threw away his knees†, â€Å"girls glanced lovelier as the air grew dim†. The use of personification with â€Å"as the air grew dim† shows how the air will only get dimmer and will not go back to its old ways of being bright. He regrets losing his legs as women now find him strange and he’ll never be with a girl again as they all ‘touch him like some queer disease’. This makes the man seem as if he was an abnormality to society even though he was just like them once. His depressive appearance gives the reader the impression that he is regretting his original decision to join the army. This reveals that the man did not consider all the consequences of his actions. Young lives are wasted for the sacrifice of war. â€Å"He’s lost his colour very far from here†, this metaphor can show that the man lost his happiness or in the literal sense the colour red due to all of the blood-shed, all wasted where bombs exploded during war, with this Owen creates a sense of blood imagery. Half of his life disappeared as a consequence of war; it was a waste of a life physically and mentally. The two words â€Å"lifetime lapsed† makes the reader feel guilt for sending all those young men to war as they didn’t come back with pride but with misery. At this point of the poem, the tone shifts to nostalgia. Owen emphasises this stanza by making it different from all the others, he does this by making the stanza bigger by using more lines and focusing on the happy part of the man’s life. He does this to show the background and explain life before enlisting. Owen glorifies football and then compares it to war. This is ironic because they are completely different. Football uses adrenaline and physical contact. When â€Å"a blood-smear down leg† it makes them feel like a man compared to war where the physical contact leads to disablement and death. The army would glorify war and leave out the consequences, the brutality of war. Just from a little bit of pride an ordinary man can go as far as lying about his age to join the war. .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2 , .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2 .postImageUrl , .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2 , .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2:hover , .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2:visited , .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2:active { border:0!important; } .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2:active , .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2 .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9dfc0280c16578b5662156502ecc7fc2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pip's mysterious benefactor EssayHe didn’t have to beg; they wrote his lie†, this shows that army officials do not mind as they need men with that state of mind. Owen highlights this stanza because he wants to show how much false hope and pleasure is told for people to join the war. The man saw the soldiers of Austria and Germany, not as individuals but as a country. ‘Germans he scarcely thought of; all their guilt, Austria’s, did not move him’, only after the war would he realise that the soldiers of Germany and Austria were just like him, individuals with a life to live. He wasn’t even afraid of fear itself, he thought he’d be strong enough to not feel it as ‘no fears came yet’. Before he could think about what he was really doing he was already drafted out to war. The consequences are always left out and never truly understood until the last moment. After the war finished he wasn’t greeted with applaud and didn’t receive the same admiration as he did when he played football. People forgot his accomplishments and didn’t care about what he’d been through. ‘Some cheered him home, but not as crowds cheer . Only a solemn man who brought him fruits him; and then inquired about his soul. ’ From all the people in his town only a simple fruit seller gave him any notice but all it was was pity, he didn’t really understand what the man went through. Owen does this to show that the glory of war wasn’t genuine but something in their subconscious minds and this is revealed after facing the blood-shed. Only now, sitting alone in the park all by himself, he notices how women look over him and go for the men that are whole physically and mentally, those who haven’t been to war. Tonight he noticed how the women’s eyes from him to the strong men who were whole’. This shows that he misses the attention he used to get, and the pain and suffering he had to go through was not worth it. He’ll spend the rest of his life in mental institutes listening to them pity him and not understanding the situation and he’ll listen to them and do what they want him to do. ‘ will spend a few sick years in institutes, do what the rules consider wise, take whatever pity they may dole’. This shows that he will be the one who will actually end up pitying them as they will feel sorry and say if only I knew what you went through but he’ll just hear them but not listen. At the beginning of the poem the rhyme is not as obvious as the end, but near the end the rhyme is clearer. The two words â€Å"Goal† and â€Å"soul† are used in the 5th stanza and they rhyme with each other. The rhyme makes the contrast between the two words more effective as the word â€Å"goal† associates with victory and â€Å"soul† associates more with death. Owen uses a rhetorical question to end his whole poem. Although he only repeats the question twice, it is very effective. The speaker feels sympathy for the man as he asks â€Å"How cold and late it is! Why don’t they come put him into bed? Why don’t they come? † With this Owen reveals that when times are hard no one will come and save you, all you’ll be doing is waiting, waiting for the time where it gets better, but it just won’t come and the ultimate last resort happens to be death. The pain, torture, sacrifices and blood-shed isn’t worth the little glory you get at the end of war.

Genealogy of the Titans and Gods in Greek Mythology

Genealogy of the Titans and Gods in Greek Mythology The genealogy of the Greek gods is complicated. There was not one uniform story all the ancient Greeks and Romans believed. One poet could directly contradict another. Parts of stories dont make sense, seemingly happening in reverse order or contradicting something else that was just said. You shouldnt throw up your hands in despair, though. Familiarity with the genealogy doesnt mean your branches always go in one direction or that your tree looks like the one your neighbor prunes. However, since the ancient Greeks traced their ancestry and that of their heroes to the deities, you should have at least a passing acquaintance with the lineages. Further back in mythological time than even the gods and goddesses are their ancestors, the primordial powers. Other pages in this series look at some of the genealogical relationships among the primordial powers and their other descendants (Chaos and Its Descendants, Titans Descendants, and Descendants of the Sea). This page shows the generations referred to in the mythological genealogies. Generation 0 - Chaos, Gaia, Eros, and Tartaros In the beginning were primordial forces. Accounts differ as to how many there were, but Chaos was probably the first. The Ginnungagap of Norse mythology is similar to Chaos, a sort of nothingness, black hole, or chaotic, swirling disordered state of conflict. Gaia, the Earth, came next. Eros and Tartaros may also have sprung into existence at about the same time. This is not a numbered generation because these forces were not generated, born, created, or otherwise produced. Either they were always there or they materialized, but the idea of generation involves some sort of creation, so the forces of Chaos, the earth (Gaia), love (Eros), and Tartaros come  before the first generation. Generation 1 The earth (Gaia/Gaea) was the great mother, a creator. Gaia created and then mated with the heavens (Ouranos) and the sea (Pontos). She also produced  but did not mate with the mountains. Generation 2 From Gaias union with the heavens (Ouranos/Uranus [Caelus]) came the Hecatonchires (hundred-handers; by name, Kottos, Briareos, and Gyes), the three cyclops/cyclopes (Brontes, Sterope, and Arges), and the Titans who numbered as follows: Kronos (Cronus)Rheia (Rhea)Kreios (Crius)Koios (Coeus)Phoibe (Phoebe],Okeanos (Oceanus],TethysHyperionTheia (Thea)Iapetos (Iapetus)MnemosyneThemis Generation 3 From the Titan pair Kronos and his sister, Rhea, came the first Olympian gods (Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, and Hestia). Other Titans like Prometheus are also of this generation  and cousins of these early Olympians. Generation 4 From the mating of Zeus and Hera came: AresHebe the cup-bearerHephaestusEileithuia the goddess of childbirth There are other, conflicting genealogies. For instance, Eros is also called the son of Iris, instead of the more conventional Aphrodite, or the primeval and uncreated force Eros; Hephaestus may have been born to Hera without aid of a male. In case it is not completely clear where brothers marry sisters, Kronos (Cronos), Rheia (Rhea), Kreios, Koios, Phoibe (Phoebe), Okeanos (Oceanos), Tethys, Hyperion, Theia, Iapetos, Mnemosyne, and Themis are all offspring of Ouranos and Gaia. Likewise, Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, and Hestia are all offspring of Kronos and Rheia. Sources Timothy Gantz: Early Greek MythHesiod Theogony, translated by Norman O. Brown

McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 The court case known as McCulloch v. Maryland of March 6, 1819, was a seminal Supreme Court Case that affirmed the right of implied powers, that there were powers that the federal government had that were not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, but were implied by it. In addition, the Supreme Court found that states are not allowed to make laws that would interfere with congressional laws that are allowed by the Constitution.   Fast Facts: McCulloch v. Maryland Case Argued: February 23- March 3, 1819Decision Issued:  March 6, 1819Petitioner: James W. McCulloch,Respondent: State of MarylandKey Questions: Did Congress have the authority to charter the bank, and by imposing taxes on the bank, was the State of Maryland acting outside of the Constitution?Unanimous Decision: Justices Marshall, Washington, Johnson, Livingston, Duvall, and StoryRuling: The Court held that Congress had the power to incorporate a bank and that the State of Maryland could not tax instruments of the national government employed in the execution of constitutional powers. Background In April 1816, Congress created a law that allowed for the creation of the Second Bank of the United States. In 1817, a branch of this national bank was opened in Baltimore, Maryland. The state along with many others questioned whether the national government had the authority to create such a bank within the states boundaries.  The state of Maryland had a desire to limit the  powers of the federal government. The General Assembly of Maryland passed a law on February 11, 1818, which placed a  tax on all notes the originated with banks chartered outside of the state. According to the act, ...it shall not be lawful for the said branch, office of discount and deposit, or office of pay and receipt to issue notes, in any manner, of any other denomination than five, ten, twenty, fifty, one hundred, five hundred, and one thousand dollars, and no note shall be issued except upon stamped paper. This stamped paper included the tax for each denomination. In addition, the Act said that the President, cashier, each of the directors and officers .... offending against the provisions aforesaid shall forfeit a sum of $500 for each and every offense....   The Second Bank of the United States, a federal entity, was really the intended target of this attack. James McCulloch, the head cashier of the Baltimore branch of the bank, refused to pay the tax. A lawsuit was filed against the State of Maryland by John James, and Daniel Webster signed on to lead the defense. The state lost the original case and it was sent to the Maryland Court of Appeals. Supreme Court The Maryland Court of Appeals held that since the US Constitution did not specifically allow the federal government to create banks, then it was not unconstitutional. The court case then went before the  Supreme Court. In 1819, the Supreme Court was headed by Chief Justice John Marshall. The court decided that the Second Bank of the United States was necessary and proper for the federal government to exercise its duties.   Therefore, the US National Bank was a constitutional entity, and the state of Maryland could not tax its activities. In addition, Marshall also looked at whether states retained sovereignty. The argument was made that since it was the people and not the states who ratified the Constitution, state sovereignty was not damaged by the finding of this case.   Significance This landmark case declared that the United States government had implied powers as well as those specifically listed in the Constitution. As long as what is passed is not forbidden by the Constitution, it is allowed if it helps the federal government fulfill its powers as stated in the Constitution. The decision provided the avenue for the federal government to expand or evolve its powers to meet an ever-changing world.

Content Analysis on Prime Time Television Using Cultivation Theory Research Paper

Content Analysis on Prime Time Television Using Cultivation Theory - Research Paper Example Cultivation Theory was developed by George Gerbner and Larry Gross based on their research in order to identify and understand the effects of television on its viewers. They focused more on the culture of violence that is evidently and explicitly embedded in television programs and on how this message is inculcated in its audience, thus affecting their social behavior and disposition. Gerbner and Gross also correlated that as the exposure to such programs increases or becomes a constant factor on the daily lives of people, they tend to develop and adopt the same notion of thinking that, indeed, the world is full of violence. Cultivation theory remains to be one of the most popular theories in mass communication phenomena and is an essential theory in understanding behavioral (Bryant, 2004). n the Saturday program, FOX aired two episodes of Cops and an episode of Bones. The plot of these TV shows clearly depicts a violation of criminal law and grave offenses against society. The former is an action-packed documentary and reality show that revolves around what transpires in the line of duty of law enforcement agencies from various areas and departments of United States, while the latter is a fictional series about a team of forensic investigators who solve crime mysteries by analyzing, examining human remains, and determining the cost of death of the victims. While these shows can be easily concluded, and rightly so as to having themes of heavy violence, they also portray other messages as well.

Unit 4 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 4 - Coursework Example In addition, the FPI contract bears target cost, ceiling price, target profit, and formula of sharing profits (Garrett, 2006). CS: This contract falls under cost reimbursement contract type. In this case, the buyer and seller agree to venture into a joint effort to undertake research that serves mutual interests. Since the seller accrues commercial benefits to the seller, the contracts exempts payment of fees. In addition, the seller offloads some of the performance costs in need of benefiting the seller’s firm. T&M: This contract type is concerned with time management and time-sensitive contracts. For a carnival services, the requirement for contract labor is crucial as events are not consecutive. In this case, T&M contract is the best suited as it considers timed labor with specific compensation. On the down side, T&M discourages effective control of costs (Garrett, 2006). In advertising to attract the most competitive entities within the marketplace, selection and segmentation of the potential target entities are essential consideration. In order to filter the best from the rest, the advert is to clearly communicate the competitive edge of the advertised business venture. The channel of communication is an important aspect in advertising. However, in order to catch the attention of the target entities, the campaign is to use the medium of communication most accessed by the target

Competition is Great, but not Perfect :: essays papers

Competition is Great, but not Perfect In the United States today, the economy is one of the most important things to stabilize and maintain. The economy is this capitalistic nation in a way. As the economy has gone over the many years, so has the country. A good example of that is the Great Depression; everyone in the United States was doing great with the Bull Run of the market and the abundance of jobs. Then things started to change for the worst; the economy fell out with the great crash of the bare stock market and along did the people. Everything crumbled like stale bread, including people lives and families. Not until businesses rebuilt themselves and competition returned that the economy finally turned around. The country and the people, upon whose backs’ it rests finally, turned around also, pulling out of the Great Depression and returning this nation to its greatness. In the article â€Å"Competition is Great Game Plan, but not Perfect,† the author M. Ray Perryman states that the economy is doing well due to the competition between companies and firms as the title might indicate (Perryman 1). Although he states that the competition which fuels our economy has problems, like creating monopolies and companies that dominate markets, identifying them early and becoming aware of them we will be able to keep our economy on the path that it is on (1). Mr. Perryman supports this claim by using such strategies as common sense in his reasonability, relevance, and confidence by using his own voice in this successful essay. In speaking to the American public through his article, Mr. Perryman uses the rhetorical strategy of common sense and reasonability when he states such things as, â€Å"It (competition) lowers prices, enhances consumer choice, promotes innovation and forces us to use our scarce resources very efficiently† (1). This strategy works for him in because it makes a lot of sense that competition would do these things for us. Companies competing for business must always try to undercut the opponent’s prices and costs, with this more choices will be created. Another example of Perryman’s use of the common sense rhetorical strategy is when he states, â€Å"The information and technology revolution of today, which I believe to be in its infancy, is creating a wider gap between the ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’ and is likely to eliminate or greatly reduce the need for many relatively unskilled occupation (and more than a few skilled ones) over the nex t few years† (2).

Millennium Development Goal and Bangladesh

Report on 2012 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) and Bangladesh The Progress of Bangladesh on MDG A report submitted to the Department of Economics, AIUB, as a course requirement of Economic Geography, Fall semester 2012| | Prepared & Submitted byTeam : HISTORYNazmun,MdIstiakAlam, NusratKhan,Jahirul Islam Akhter, Sheikh TurashaShuvo,Shariar Al AminAshraf, Taskia| | Course teacherRAFIQ, FARHANAFaculty Department of Economics| | Date of submission| 28 November 2012| | | American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)| 28 November 2012 RAFIQ, FARHANA Faculty Economics DepartmentAmerican International University – Bangladesh. Subject: Submission of Report Dear Madam, We have the pleasure to submit this report entitled â€Å"Mdg and progress of bangladesh† which has been prepared in part-fulfillment of the requirements of the Final Examination Economic Geography. We have discussed on our report about MDG’s and its progress in Bangladesh. We also have shown the wor ldwide progress of MDG. Finally, we are truly grateful to you for giving us this pleasant opportunity to work on this report. The entire group contribution has led to the successful completion of this report.Despite our all possible attempts, certain deficiencies may reside and we sincerely regret this. Best Regards, 1. Nazmun,MdIstiak ID:11-19119-22. Alam, Nusrat ID: 11-19192-23. Khan,Jahirul Islam ID: 11-18219-14. Akhter, Sheikh Turasha ID: 11-19261-25. Shuvo,Shariar Al Amin ID: 11-18231-15. Ashraf, Taskia ID:11-19115-2 | ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, we would like to thank to our course instructor of this Economic Geography course RAFIQ, FARHANA for the valuable guidance and advice. She inspired us greatly to work in this report. Her willingness to motivate us contributed tremendously to our work.We also would like to thank her for her valuable time by helping us for this report. This research report would not have been possible without the support of many people. Our thank s and appreciations go to our classmates for making the semester period truly enjoyable. And we would also like to thank our almighty for helping me carry through this massive task. Summary The main objective of this report is to discuss about Millennium Development Goals and its Progress in Bangladesh. For making this report we have collected data from internet, books, teacher’s references.Our finding shows Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals lies at the core of UNDP’s mandate, and is the focus of much of our work. Accordingly, UNDP and our partners' results in the areas of governance, poverty reduction, environment, energy and climate change, disaster management, all contribute in different ways to the acceleration of MDG achievement. In particular, the â€Å"Support to Monitoring PRS and MDGs in Bangladesh† project supported MDG acceleration in Bangladesh between 2006 and 2011. This project will shortly be renewed.It is expected that the report wi ll help to know about the MDGs as well as the situation of our country of achievement. Contents SectionPage Number * Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 06 * Discussion (a) MDG †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 07 (b) Goals and Targets †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 07 (c) MDG and Bangladesh †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 (d) Progress of Bangladesh †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 * Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 29 * Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 30 List of Figures Bar Chart (1) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 * Bar Chart(2) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 * Bar Chart (3) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Introduction The MDGs reflect a set of actions and targets contained in the Millennium Declaration that was adopted by 193 nations in 2002 based on the Millennium Declaration agreed in September 2000. Bangladesh has recorded impressive feats in pullin g people out of poverty, ensuring that more children, girls and boys, attend school, and have access to clean water. Considerable progress has been made in child survival rate. Bangladesh is among the 16 countries who have received UN recognition for being on track to achieve MDG4.There have been some improvements to address the country’s massive environmental challenges over the past decade as well. Out of the 52 MDG targets, Bangladesh is on track on 19 of them; and 14 of them need attention (2011 data). Although Bangladesh is on track to achieve the Net Enrolment target, the drop-out rates remain to high; Enrolling the last 10% of the children, ensuring quality of education for children who are already enrolled in schools, and promoting gender equity in tertiary education, remain as major challenges. The maternal mortality ratio of Bangladesh at 194 has shown a major turnaround.Performance on this goal which was lagging is a major achievement. The threat of climate change can also diminish the hard earned beneficial impacts of years of growth and development not just for the people in impoverished settlements along coastal belts and river banks, but for the entire nation. Achieving full and productive employment for all, including women and young people remains behind target. The labor force participation rate is low at about 51. 7% and women's participation although improving, is much lower at 23%. It is highly unlikely that Bangladesh will be able to ensure employment for all by 2015.Yet another challenge that Bangladesh faces is in addressing certain pockets of poverty that are lagging far behind with respect to the national averages and where the benefits of MDGs attainment need to be specifically reached. These areas include the urban slums, the hill tracts, coastal belts and other ecologically vulnerable areas. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international developmentgoals that were officially established following the Millenn ium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration.All 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve these goals by the year 2015. The MDGs were developed out of the eight chapters of the Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000. There are eight goals with 21 targets, and a series of measurable indicators for each target. Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger * Target 1A: Halve the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day * Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People * Target 1C: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary schooling, girls and boys Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women * Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at al l levels by 2015 Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates * Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate Goal 5: Improve maternal health Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio * Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases * Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS * Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it * Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources * Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss * Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (for more information see the entry on water supply) * Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system * Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDC) * Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States * Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term * Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries * Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits o f new technologies, especially information and communications Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven. Some countries have achieved many of the goals, while others are not on track to realize any.A UN conference in September 2010 reviewed progress to date and concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-poverty goals by their 2015 target date. There were also new commitments on women's and children's health, and new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease. From next page, we have shown some statistics about progress of MDG all over the world. Description Here is the percentage of adjusted net enrolment ratio in primary education: In case of the developing countries Enrolment ratio in primary education in 1990s was 82% while in 2008 it was 89%. In case of the developed countries Enrolment ratio in primary education in 1990s was 97% while in 2008 it was 96%.In case of the world Enrolment ratio in primary educ ation in 1990s was 84% while in 2008 it was 90%. Bar Chart (1) Description This is the percentage of people earning less than $1. 25 a day. In the year 1990 58% sub Sahara African are earning less than $1. 25 a day. & In year 2005 the percentage was only reduce by 7% Which show that the progress is not good. On the other hand, In the year 1990 60% of eastern Asian is earning less than $1. 25 a day. While in the year 2005 the percentage was reduce by 44%, which is very high. Bar Chart (2) Description This is the percentage of mortality under five years old per 1000: In case of the developed countries in 1990s the number was 12 & In 2008 it was 6In case of the developing countries in 1990s the number was 100 & In 2008 it was 72 Here we found huge deference between the developed & developing countries. Bar Chart (3) MDG and Bangladesh The Government of Bangladesh is committed to achieve the MDGs within the given timeframe. The recently approved Sixth Five Year Plan (2011-2015) titledâ €  Accelerating Growth and Reducing Poverty† has laid out the operational details on the country’s endeavor to move forward with a view to achieving the â€Å"Vision 2021† of the Government. The Plan has integrated the Millennium Development Goals within the broader agenda of the economic and social targets.The Sixth Plan has adopted a holistic approach to reduce poverty and improve other social indicators, with special attention provided to remove the regional disparities in development. The beauty of implementing the 6th Plan is that in pursuit of achieving national development goals, the MDG will also be achieved as the terminal year of both the milestone goals coincides. The recent progress report of MDGs in Bangladesh 2011, shows that Bangladesh has achieved remarkable progress in the areas of primary schooling, gender parity in primary and secondary level education, lowering the infant and under-five mortality rate and maternal mortality ratio, improving immunization coverage and reducing the incidence of communicable diseases. The recent data reveal that incidence of poverty has been declining at an annual rate of 2. 6 percent in Bangladesh during 1991-1992 to 2010. If this trend continues, the target of halving the population living under the poverty line would be achieved well before 2015. However, achievement of the hunger target might be difficult to attain due to volatility of the commodity prices and the challenges of underemployment. Progress of MDGs in Bangladesh * Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Bangladesh is well on track to achieving Goal 1 with poverty coming down to 31. 5 percent in 2010. Also, the average annual rate of poverty reduction has been above rate required to meet the 2015 target. The poverty gap ratio has also decreased dramatically. Current StatusTarget 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income isless than $1 a day. 1. 1: Proportion of population below national upper poverty line, percent (38. 7 in 2008 bylinear extrapolation; 41. 2 in 2009 by household self-assessment)Status: on track1. 2: Poverty Gap Ratio, percent (9 in 2005)Status: on track1. 3: Share of poorest quintile in national consumption (NA)Target 1. B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, includingwomen and young people. 1. 5: Employment to population ratio, percent (58. 5 in 2006 and 59. 3 economically activein 2009)Status: needs attentionTarget 1. C: Halve between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer fromhunger. 1. : Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age (6-59 months), (45% asof 2009)Status: needs attention1. 9: Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption, (40%as of 2005)Status: needs attention * Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education While a significant 95 percent has been achieved in terms of primary school enrollment, dropout rates remain high and therefore primary school com pletion rate low. Progress has been made in adult literacy 58 percent in 2010 but additional effort is needed to reach the target. Current StatusTarget 2. A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be ableto complete a full course of primary schooling2. : Net Enrollment Ratio in Primary EducationBenchmark: 60. 5 in 1991Current status: 91. 9 (2008)Target : 100Status : on track2. 2: Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5Benchmark: 43. 0 in 1991Current status: 54. 9 (2008)5Target : 100Status : needs attention2. 3: Literacy rate of 15+yrs olds, women and men (%)Benchmark: 36. 9 in 1991Current status: 58. 3 (2007)Target : 100Status : needs attention * Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality & Empower Women Bangladesh has achieved gender parity in primary and secondary education together with being on track with respect to percentage of women employed in agriculture sector. Current StatusTarget 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by2005 and to all levels of education no later than 20153. 1a: Ratio of girls to boys in primary education:Benchmark: 0. 83 in 1991Current status: 1. 01 (2008)Target : 1Status : Achieved before 20153. 1b: Ratio of girls to boys in secondary educationBenchmark: 0. 52 in 1991Current status: 1. 2 (2008)Target: 1Status: Achieved before 201573. 1c: Ratio of women to men in tertiary educationBenchmark: 0. 37 in 1991Current status: 0. 32 (2006)Target: 1Status: needs attention3. 2: Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sectorBenchmark: 19. 1 in 1991Current status: 24. 6 (2008)Target: 50%Status: needs attention3. 3: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliamentBenchmark: 12. in 1991Current status: 19 (2009)Target: 33%Status: needs attention * Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality The country is on track with regard to achieving this goal. Significant strides have been made in all three indicators and if the trend sustains, the country will meet t he 2015 target well ahead of schedule. Current StatusTarget 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate. 4. 1: Under five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)Benchmark: 146 in 1991Current status: 53. 8Target: 48Status : on track4. 2: Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)Benchmark: 92 in 1991Current status: 41. 3Target : 31Status : on track4. 3: Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measlesBenchmark: 54 in 1991Current status: 82. Target : 100Status : on track * Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health This goal has been a major turnaround and is now truly a track to be achieved by 2015. Current StatusTarget 5. A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortalityratio. 5. 1: Maternal mortality ratio (per 1,000 live births):Base year 1991: 574Current status: 348Target : 143Status : needs attention5. 2: Proportion of births attended by Skilled Health Personnel (percent):Base year 1991: 5Current status: 24Target : 50 Status : needs attentionTarget 5. B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health. 5. 3: Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)Base year 1991: 40Current status: 60Target : 100Status : needs attention5. : Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 women)Base year 1991: 77Current status: 60Target : -Status : needs attention5. 5A: Antenatal care coverage (at least 1 visit) (%)Base year 1991: 28Current status: 60Target : 100Status : needs attention115. 5B: Antenatal care coverage (4 or more visits) (%)Base year 1991: 6Current status: 21Target : 100Status : needs attention5. 6: Unmet need for family planning (%)Base year 1991: 19Current status: 17Target : 7. 60Status : needs attention * Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases Bangladesh has made some progress in combating the spread of malaria with the number of prevalence dropping from 776. 9 cases per 100,000 in 2008 to 512. 6 in 2010. Current StatusTarget 6.A Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS6. 1: HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 yearsBase year: 0. 005Current status: 0. 319 (2007)Target: HaltingStatus: on track6. 2: Condom use at last high-risk sexBase year:Current status: 44-67%Target:Status: need attention6. 3: Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledgeof HIV/AIDSBase year:Current status: 15. 8 (2006)Target:Status: need attentionTarget 6. C Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and othermajor diseases6. 6A: Incidence of malaria per 100 000 populationBase year: 776. 9 (2008)Current status: 586. 0 (2009)Target: 310. Status: on track6. 6B: Death rate associated with malaria per 100,000 populationBase year: 1. 4 (2008)Current status: 0. 4 (2009)Target: 0. 6Status: on track6. 7: Proportion of children under-5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bed netsBase year: 81% (2008)Current status: 81% (2009)Target: 90%Status: on track136. 8: Proportion of children under-5 with fever who are treated with appropria te antimalarialdrugsBase year: 60% (2008)Current status: 80% (2009)Target: 90% (By 2015)Status: on track6. 9A: Prevalence of tuberculosis per 100,000 populationBase year: 639 (1990)Current status: 412Target: 320 (50% reduction)/HaltingStatus: 36% reduction/on track6. B: Death rate associated with tuberculosis per 100,000 populationBase year: 76 (1990)Current status: 50 (2008)Target: 50% reductionStatus: 35% reduction/on track6. 10a: Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected under DOTSBase year: 21% (1994)Current status: 70% (2009)Target: 70%Status: achieved/on track6. 10b: Proportion of tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS:Base year: 71% (1995)Current status: 92%Target : >85%Status: achieved/on track * Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability While significant progress has been made in terms of access to safe drinking water and sanitary latrines in urban areas, the same remains a challenge in rural areas.Also maintaining wet-lands and bio-diversity is still a challenge. Current St atus7. 1: Proportion of land area covered by forestCurrent status: 19. 2% (Tree density > 10%),Target: 20% (Tree density> 70%)Status: needs attention7. 2: CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)Current status: 0. 30Status: on track7. 3: Consumption of ozone-depleting substances (metric tons per capita)Current status: 127. 88Target: 0,15Status: on track7. 4: Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limitsCurrent status: 54 inland fish species & 16 marine species are threatenedStatus: need attention7. 5: Proportion of total water resources usedCurrent status: 6. 6% in 2000,Status: needs attention7. : Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protectedCurrent status: 1. 78% terrestrial & 0. 47% marine areas protected (2010),Target: 5%,Status: needs attention7. 7: Proportion of species threatened with extinctionCurrent status: 201 inland, 18 marine & 106 vascular plants are threatened,Target: improvement of ecosystems for protection of species compareto 2000 situation,Status: ne eds attention7. 8: Proportion of population using an improved drinking water sourceCurrent status: 86%Target: 100%,Status: needs attention7. 9: Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facilityCurrent status: 89%Target: 100%,Status: needs attention7. 0: Proportion of urban population living in slumsCurrent status: 7. 8 %,Status: needs attention * Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development Penetration of telephone lines and internet, particularly cell phone usage, has increased to a great extent but youth employment rate is still low. | | As clearly identified during the recent MDGs needs assessment and costing exercise, Bangladesh needs more resources to achieve MDGs. Immediate efforts need to be undertaken by development partners to examine the gaps and renew efforts to support critical MDG-oriented sectors. At the same time, the imbalance between loans and grants should be addressed by increasing the share of grants in ODA.In Bangladesh there have been numbe rs of policies, strategies, and implementation programmers, activities and interactions and debates surrounding the MDGs. In fact MDGs have emerged a way we are travelling through to the one goal of peace, prosperity and humanity. Conclusion Theatre for Humans believes the Millennium Development Goals are at the very heart of the stories to be portrayed in its’ inaugural production and will strive to bring these goals to the attention of as wide an audience as possible in order to further the dialogue needed for change. Adopted by world leaders in the year 2000 and set to be achieved by 2015, the MDGs are both global and local, tailored by each country to suit specific development needs.They provide a framework for the entire international community to work together towards a common end – making sure that human development reaches everyone, everywhere. If these goals are achieved, world poverty will be cut in half, tens of millions of lives will be saved, and billions more people will have the opportunity to benefit from the global economy. The MDGs are evident in the national planning framework. The revised National Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper has adopted a holistic approach to reduce poverty and improve other social indicators to achieve the MDGs, with special attention to the lagging regions. Overall Bangladesh’s progress might be slow, but in some sector like child mortality, improvement of maternity health, primary education etc has the fast progress.So it is a positive sign that we can achieve the goals, might not in 2015 but in near future definitely. Bibliography * https://www. google. com/search? num=10&hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1366&bih=593&q=mdg&oq=mdg&gs_l=img. 3†¦ 1994. 2403. 0. 2934. 3. 3. 0. 0. 0. 0. 205. 276. 1j0j1. 2. 0†¦ 0. 0†¦ 1ac. 1. DQ5fVJymYv8 * https://www. google. com/search? num=10&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=593&q=mdg&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iw&ei=SlGzUPjhNsTQrQfh5YCYCg * http://en. wikipedia. o rg/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals * http://www. undp. org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview. html * https://www. google. com/#hl=en&tbo=d&output=search&scl

The Punctuation Effect Definition and Examples

The use of laughter as the oral equivalent of punctuation at the end of a spoken phrase or sentence. The term punctuation effect was coined by neuroscientist Robert R. Provine in his book Laughter: A Scientific Investigation (Viking, 2000). See Examples and Observations, below. Examples and Observations [Uncle Emil] was a big, rough, hearty man who was missing one whole finger and part of another from accidents in the steel mill, and his language was goodhearted, loud, punctuated by laughter, and not at all suited for Sunday school. (Michael Novak, Controversial Engagements. First Things, April 1999) During conversation, laughter by speakers almost always follows complete statements or questions. Laughter is not randomly scattered throughout the speech stream. Speaker laughter interrupted phrases in only 8 (0.1 percent) of 1,200 laugh episodes. Thus, a speaker may say, You are going where? . . . ha-ha, but rarely You are going . . . ha-ha . . . where? This strong and orderly relationship between laughter and speech is akin to punctuation in written communication and is termed the punctuation effect. . . .The punctuation effect holds for the audience as well as for the speaker; a surprising result because the audience could laugh at any time without speech-related competition for their vocalization channel. No audience interruptions of speaker phrases were observed in our 1,200 laugh episodes. Its unclear whether the punctuation of speech by audience laughter is cued directly by the speaker (e.g., apostphrase pause, gesture, or laughter), or by a brain mechanism similar to that pr oposed for the speaker that maintains the dominance of language (this time perceived, not spoken) over laughter. The brains of speaker and audience are locked in a dual-processing mode.(Robert R. Provine, Laughter: A Scientific Investigation. Viking, 2000) [The] punctuation effect is highly reliable and requires the coordination of laughing with the linguistic structure of speech, yet it is performed without the conscious awareness of the speaker. Other airway maneuvers, such as breathing and coughing, also punctuate speech and are performed without speaker awareness. (Robert R. Provine in What We Believe but Cannot Prove: Todays Leading Thinkers on Science in the Age of Uncertainty, ed. by John Brockman. HarperCollins, 2006) Glitches in the Punctuation Effect The shared rhythm of laughter-inducing comments and responses--comment/laughter . . . comment/laughter, similar to a call-response pattern in gospel music--suggests a powerful, neurologically based attachment/affiliation dance in action, such as that described by Stern (1998).Others have noted, and Temple Grandin has described in her autobiography on dealing with her own autism, what happens when there is a glitch in this processing mode. Grandin says that being autistic has meant she is not able to follow the social rhythm of laughter. Other people will laugh together and then talk quietly until the next laughing cycle. She inadvertently interrupts or starts laughing at the wrong places . . ..(Judith Kay Nelson, What Made Freud Laugh: An Attachment Perspective on Laughter. Routledge, 2012) Filler Laughs When paying for food in Leipzig, I was struck by how much of my daily interaction was punctuated by laughter that was totally detached from what I was doing. I would buy some beer and cookies and give the clerk a twenty-euro note; inevitably, the clerk would ask if I had exact change because Germans are obsessed with both exactness and money. I would reach into my pocket and discover I had no coins, so I would reply, Um--heh heh heh. No. Sorry. Ha! Guess not. I made these noises without thinking. Every single time, the clerk would just stare at me stoically. It had never before occurred to me how often I reflexively laugh; only in the absence of a response did I realize I was laughing for no reason whatsoever. It somehow felt comfortable. Now that I’m back in the U.S., I notice this all the time: People half-heartedly chuckle throughout most casual conversations, regardless of the topic. It’s a modern extension of the verbalized pause, built by TV laugh tracks. Everyone in America has three laughs: a real laugh, a fake real laugh, and a filler laugh they use during impersonal conversations. We have been trained to connect conversation with soft, interstitial laughter. It’s our way of showing the other person that we understand the context of the interaction, even when we don’t. (Chuck Klosterman, Eating the Dinosaur. Scribner, 2009) Victor Borges Phonetic Punctuation [T]his punctuation effect is not nearly as strong as Provine has stated above. But his usage points out the possibility of other intrusions as well into spoken discourse, e.g., as in a statement such as The church bell just outside the window punctuated the pauses in their conversation. For the most part, however, punctuation remains part of the silent world of the written. The only exception to this that we know of is the extraordinarily idiosyncratic system of oral punctuation for spoken discourse devised by the comedian/pianist Victor Borge (1990), his so-called Phonetic Punctuation. His facetious explanation was that his system would prevent the frequent misunderstandings in oral conversations. He used brief vocalized sounds as intrusions into the speech stream for each of the types of punctuation as he read aloud. The effect was a cacophonous and unusually humorous chain of sounds that truly intruded upon the stream of spoken discourse and hacked it into small pieces. The extrao rdinary redundancy had the effect of reducing the message itself to background noise--for the sake of the humorous. And in the course of time, this presentation has become one of Borges most popular routines. (Daniel C. OConnell and Sabine Kowal, Communicating with One Another: Toward a Psychology of Spontaneous Spoken Discourse. Springer, 2008) Each of the pause markers we customarily use--commas, periods, dashes, ellipsis, exclamation points, question marks, parentheses, colons, and semicolons--suggests a different kind of beat. Victor Borge built a career on illustrating the differences among them with a comedy routine he called phonetic punctuation. As he spoke, hed sound out the punctuation marks we usually glide over silently. A period was a loud thwok, an exclamation mark was a descending squeak followed by a thwok, and so on.Maybe you had to be there. But from a writers point of view, Borge made an important point. Try following his lead and sound out each punctuation mark in your mind. Periods create the sharp, crisp break of a karate chop. Commas suggest the smoother rise and fall of a speed bump. Semicolons hesitate for a second and then flow forward. Dashes call a sudden halt. Ellipses ooze along like spilled honey. (Jack R. Hart, A Writers Coach: The Complete Guide to Writing Strategies That Work. Anchor Books, 2007)